If both parents do not have the trait and the child does, it is recessive. If one parent has the trait and the child does or does not, it is dominant. Skip to content Popular. Ahmed S. A haploid system of sex determination in the brown alga Ectocarpus sp.
Curr Biol. Inference of sex-specific expansion patterns in human populations from Y-chromosome polymorphism. Am J Phys Anthropol. Plant genetics. A Y-chromosome-encoded small RNA acts as a sex determinant in persimmons. Science : — Andolfatto P. Contrasting patterns of X-Linked and autosomal nucleotide variation in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. Mol Biol Evol. Contrasting X-linked and autosomal diversity across 14 human populations.
Am J Hum Genet. Ashman T-L , et al. Multilocus sex determination revealed in two populations of gynodioecious wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca subsp. G3 5 12 : — Male-biased mutation rate and divergence in autosomal, Z-linked and W-linked introns of chicken and turkey.
Bachtrog D. Evidence for male-driven evolution in Drosophila. Bachtrog D , Charlesworth B. Reduced levels of microsatellite variability on the neo-Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda. Reduced adaptation of a non-recombining neo-Y chromosome. Nature : — Bachtrog D , et al. Are all sex chromosomes created equal? Trends Genet. Balloux F. The worm in the fruit of the mitochondrial DNA tree.
Heredity 5 : — Y chromosome haplotype analysis in purebred dogs. Mamm Genome. Barbieri C , et al. Refining the Y chromosome phylogeny with southern African sequences. Hum Genet. Begun DJ , et al. Population genomics: whole-genome analysis of polymorphism and divergence in Drosophila simulans. PLOS Biol. Berlin S , Ellegren H. Chicken W: a genetically uniform chromosome in a highly variable genome.
Caballero A. On the effective size of populations with separate sexes, with particular reference to sex-linked genes. Genetics 2 : — The relation between recombination rate and patterns of molecular evolution and variation in Drosophila melanogaster.
Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene. AoB Plants. Charlesworth B. Effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and variation.
Nat Rev Genet. The effects of deleterious mutations on evolution at linked sites. Genetics 1 : 5 — Charlesworth B , Charlesworth D. The degeneration of Y chromosomes. The relative rates of evolution of sex chromosomes and autosomes. Am Nat. The effect of deleterious mutations on neutral molecular variation. Genetics 4 : — Charlesworth D. Plant sex determination and sex chromosomes. Heredity 88 2 : 94 — Balancing selection and its effects on sequences in nearby genome regions.
PLoS Genet. Chu J-H , et al. Inferring the geographic mode of speciation by contrasting autosomal and sex-linked genetic diversity. Corl A , Ellegren H. The genomic signature of sexual selection in the genetic diversity of the sex chromosomes and autosomes. Evolution 66 7 : — Genetic diversity on the human X chromosome does not support a strict pseudoautosomal boundary.
Two rules of speciation. In: Otte D , Endler J , editors. Speciation and its consequences. Sunderland MA : Sinauer Associates. Google Preview. Cruciani F , et al. A revised root for the human Y chromosomal phylogenetic tree: the origin of patrilineal diversity in Africa. A model-based approach for identifying signatures of ancient balancing selection in genetic data.
PLOS Genet. Sex determination in flowering plants. Plant Cell 5 10 : — On the importance of balancing selection in plants. New Phytol. Strong selective sweeps on the X chromosome in the human-chimpanzee ancestor explain its low divergence.
Ellegren H. Characteristics, causes and evolutionary consequences of male-biased mutation. Ellegren H , Fridolfsson A-K. Sex-specific mutation rates in salmonoid fish. J Mol Evol. Estimators of the human effective sex ratio detect sex biases on different timescales. Evans BJ , Charlesworth B. The effect of nonindependent mate pairing on the effective population size. Reduced representation genome sequencing suggests low diversity on the sex chromosomes of tonkean macaque monkeys.
Eyre-Walker A. Changing effective population size and the McDonald-Kreitman test. Filatov DA , Charlesworth D. Substitution rates in the X- and Y-linked genes of the plants, Silene latifolia and S. Fontanillas E , et al. Degeneration of the nonrecombining regions in the mating-type chromosomes of the anther-smut fungi. Fraser JA , et al. Convergent evolution of chromosomal sex-determining regions in the animal and fungal kingdoms. PLoS Biol.
Fraser JA , Heitman J. Chromosomal sex-determining regions in animals, plants and fungi. Curr Opin Genet Dev. Fujito S , et al. Evidence for a common origin of homomorphic and heteromorphic sex chromosomes in distinct Spinacia species. G3 5 8 : — Genome diversity and divergence in Drosophila mauritiana : multiple signatures of faster X evolution.
Genome Biol Evol. Identification of molecular markers for selection of supermale YY asparagus plants. J Appl Genet. Analyses of X-linked and autosomal genetic variation in population-scale whole genome sequencing. Nat Genet. Temporal stability of molecular diversity measures in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis.
J Hered. Greenwood PJ. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Anim Behav. Estimating the parameters of selection on nonsynonymous mutations in Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. Hallast P , et al. The Y-chromosome tree bursts into leaf: 13, high-confidence SNPs covering the majority of known clades.
Great-ape Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies reflect subspecies structure and patterns of mating and dispersal. Genome Res. Hammer MF , et al. Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human X-linked loci the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-Africans. The ratio of human X chromosome to autosome diversity is positively correlated with genetic distance from genes. Sex-biased evolutionary forces shape genomic patterns of human diversity.
Principles of population genetics. Genetic diversity analysis with RAPD linked to sex identification in the sugar cane borer Diatraea saccharalis. Genet Mol Res. Hellborg L , Ellegren H. Low levels of nucleotide diversity in mammalian Y chromosomes.
Introgression in the Drosophila subobscura — D. Evol Int J Org Evol. Sex-specific demographic behaviours that shape human genomic variation. Mol Ecol. Hill-Robertson interference reduces genetic diversity on a young plant Y-chromosome. The large-X effect in plants: increased species divergence and reduced gene flow on the Silene X-chromosome. Huang H , Rabosky DL. Sex-linked genomic variation and its relationship to avian plumage dichromatism and sexual selection. BMC Evol Biol.
Hurst LD , Ellegren H. Sex biases in the mutation rate. Hvilsom C , et al. Extensive X-linked adaptive evolution in central chimpanzees. Y not a dead end: epistatic interactions between Y-linked regulatory polymorphisms and genetic background affect global gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster.
Genetics 1 : — Kaiser VB , Bachtrog D. Sex-linked trait is often controlled by gene present only on X chromosome, hence no corresponding allele is present on Y chromosome. Explanation: Male members of a population are affected in more number by sex-linked genetic diseases, which is not the case when the trait is autosomally linked.
Related questions What are linked genes? How many autosomes do human cells contain? How many autosomes are in a karyotype? What is hemizygous? What are common mistakes students make with sex linkage? What are some examples of sex linkage? What is the main reason that gender-linked disorders are most often observed in males? Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome are said to be sex linked.
Men normally have an X and a Y combination of sex chromosomes, while women have two X's. Since only men inherit Y chromosomes, they are the only ones to inherit Y-linked traits. Men and women can get the X-linked ones since both inherit X chromosomes. Sex cell inheritance patterns for male and female children X-linked recessive traits that are not related to feminine body characteristics are primarily expressed in the observable characteristics, or phenotype , of men.
This is due to the fact that men only have one X chromosome. Subsequently, genes on that chromosome not coding for gender are usually expressed in the male phenotype even if they are recessive since there are no corresponding genes on the Y chromosome in most cases.
In women, a recessive allele on one X chromosome is often masked in their phenotype by a dominant normal allele on the other. This explains why women are frequently carriers of X-linked traits but more rarely have them expressed in their own phenotypes. The "a" r ecessive allele will be expressed in his phenotype The "a" recessive allele will not be expressed in her phenotype male female There are about 1, human X-linked genes.
Most of them code for something other than female anatomical traits. Many of the non-sex determining X-linked genes are responsible for abnormal conditions such as hemophilia , Duchenne muscular dystrophy , fragile-X syndrome , some high blood pressure, congenital night blindness, G6PD deficiency, and the most common human genetic disorder, red-green color blindness.
X-linked genes are also responsible for a common form of baldness referred to as "male pattern baldness".
0コメント